To be frank starch is made up of long chains of glucose. While cell walls are made from cellulose created from photosynthesis. Cellulose is made up of glucose and cell walls are the most abundant carbohydrate.
Answer:
Small intestine allow nutrients to be absorbed.
Phagocytosis is the process by which immune cells engulf and then destroy bacteria
Answer: Carbon dioxide
Explanation:
The chemolithophs are the prokaryotes which uses inorganic matter in order to make organic materials for the other processes.
These organism get energy by the oxidation of the inorganic compounds. The organism such as human beings breaks down the organic compounds in order to get energy and nutritional building block.
The macro molecule used by the organism is carbon dioxide.
Simple version:
First, the section with the desirable gene must be identified. Assuming that has already happened, the section of DNA must be excised from the original genome using restriction enzymes, which recognize certain DNA sequences and snip DNA at those sites. DNA ligase is used to "glue" these ends back together. The DNA is inserted into a plasmid (also with restriction enzymes), which would usually contain antibiotic-resistance genes (so they survive in an environment containing the antibiotic, which would also help show if the bacteria have been successfully transformed).
Then comes the actual transformation process. The bacteria to be transformed are mixed with calcium chloride (which causes the bacteria to be more receptive to the plasmids) and then mixed with the plasmids. The bacterial cells are subjected to a heat shock (the solution is heated and rapidly cooled, e.g. by placing the mixture in a hot water bath and quickly transferred to ice) so they will take up the plasmid (since the temperature change makes the membrane more permeable). The bacteria are placed on a growth medium containing the antibiotic they're resistant to. Only those successfully transformed would survive.
