Answer:
Newer layers of earth form <u>on</u><u> </u><u>top</u> of older layers, so as we dig, we can see further back in time. Comparing the fossils between the layers can offer evidence of change.
<u>Phyletic</u><u> </u><u>gradualism</u> - slow, but constant gradual change; supported by transitional species in the fossil record
<u>Punctuated</u><u> </u><u>equilibrium</u>- long periods of no change followed by short periods of rapid change. Can also be supported by the fossil record when no transitional species are found.
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<span>Two types of treatments: type of seed and fire.
Type of seeds: 1. Known seed type that requires fire. 2. Known seed that is killed by far. 3. Experimental/unknown seed.
Fire treatments: 1. No fire. 2. Fire. </span>
Sometimes genes change their form in a process without a reason and it's called spontaneous mutation. Spontaneous mutations<span> occur with non-zero probability. And they occur even in an uncontaminated cell. They are characterized by the specific changes.</span>
There are several specific characteristics for procaryote and eucaryote:
- Procaryotes has a cell wall, in addition to the cell membrane.
- procaryotes has chromatin in the cytoplasm, they do not have a nucleus.
- Procaryotes are small cells visible only at the microscope with x100 objective.
About the eucaryotic cells:
- Eucaryotes have mitochondria,
- Eucaryotes have endoplasmic reticulum
- Eucaryotes have a nucleus with DNA chromatin and nucleoli inside it.
- Eucaryotes are visible in the microscope x40
Chromatin: is a complex made up of genetic material (DNA), wrapped in protein , such as histones,present in the cells of eukaryotes<span>.
</span>Chromatids :before the cell divides, the chromosomes are copied, and each chromosome consists of two segments in the form of bat, the chromatids. Each cromátide corresponds to a copy of one of the 46 strands of DNA in every one of my cells (sperm and eggs).
Chromosomes: are present in cells that are in the process of Division. In place of chromatin, we can observe in the nucleus, small bat-shapedbodies quite stained, easily visible when observed under a microscope<span>.</span>
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