A larger, biologically active protein complex is created when two or more protein subunits come together to form a quaternary structure.
A protein's quaternary structure is formed when several protein chains or subunits come together in a compact configuration. There are separate primary, secondary, and tertiary structures for each of the subunits. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces between nonpolar side chains hold the subunits together.
For a quaternary structure to function as a whole, the subunits must be arranged in a particular way. Any change to the subunits' structure or how they are linked results in noticeable adjustments in biological activity.
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Aerobic respiration is a biological process that takes energy from glucose and other organic compounds to create a molecule called Adenosine TriPhosphate (ATP). ATP is then used as energy by nearly every cell in the body -- the largest user being the muscular system. Aerobic respiration has four stages: Glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.
The first step of aerobic respiration is glycolysis. This step takes place within the cytosol of the cell, and is actually anaerobic, meaning it does not need oxygen. During glycolysis, which means breakdown of glucose, glucose is separated into two ATP and two NADH molecules, which are used later in the process of aerobic respiration.
The next step in aerobic respiration is the formation of acetyl coenzyme A. In this step, pyruvate is brought into the mitochondria to be oxidized, creating a 2-carbonacetyl group. This 2-carbon acetyl group then binds with coenzyme A, forming acetyl coenzyme A. The acetyl coenzyme A is then brought back into the mitochondria for use in the next step.
The third step of aerobic respiration is called the citric acid cycle -- it is also called the Krebs cycle. Here, oxaloacetate combines with the acetyl coenzyme A, creating citric acid -- the name of the cycle. Two turns of the citric acid cycle are required to break down the original acetyl coenzyme A from the single glucose molecule. These two cycles create an additional two ATP molecules, as well as six NADH and two FADH molecules.
The final step in aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain. In this phase, the NADH and FADH donate their electrons to make large amounts of ATP. One molecule of glucose creates a total of 34 ATP molecules.
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The Abdominopelvic cavity Hope this helps :)
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Mutations are one way for bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics. Some spontaneous mutations (or genes that have been acquired from other bacteria through horizontal gene transfer) may make the bacterium resistant to an antibiotic (See: Resistance mechanisms for information about how bacteria resist antibiotic action). If we were to treat the bacterial population with that specific antibiotic, only the resistant bacteria will be able to multiply; the antibiotic selects for them. These bacteria can now increase in numbers and the end result is a population of mainly resistant bacteria.
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A, B, E
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The magma rising through the cracks makes new younger rocks close to the crack as the magma follows out and hardens. This means that rocks farther away from the crack are older because they where formed when they where right next to the crack. They are father away meaning they got pushed back as time went on.
Mid ocean ridges are a result of the spreading not the cause.
Because they are in the middle of the ocean and they are moving constantly i dought the mid ocean ridges are creating continents.
