The differences between environmental science and ecology is:
environmental science is the study of how the environment interacts and operates while ecology is the study of the ecosystem, which is the relationship between the environment and living organism.
So the difference is that environmental science doesn't really emphasise relationship like ecology does.
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The process known as differentiation
Scientists establish the age of a rock or fossil based on natural radioactive decay and certain elements such as potassium and carbon, this is used to make reliable “clocks” to date ancient events.
(Sorry if not all is accurate hope it helps)
I think observation and measurable.