note:
Gymnosperms possess several key evolutionary innovations compared to earlier groups such as the clubmosses and ferns. They produce sperm-containing pollen, which is carried through the air by the wind to the female. This innovation has freed these plants from the need for water for sexual reproduction.
The dependent variable would be anything that is not consistent. So outside factors such as how much sun and the environment that the plant is contained in.
Answer: One way of creating a variation in a population is through genetic replication errors. This will make a new type of alleles. Environmental factors cause variation such as affecting enzyme activity and function. The changes would show in the phenotype of an organism.
Explanation: thus is one way ik for sure another way idk srry
The answer is C: What is the cause of cancer in mice