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juin [17]
3 years ago
7

European History-Answer Quick Will Give Branliest

History
1 answer:
Stels [109]3 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

Context for Darwin:

• Growth of scientific education and institutions

• Declining church attendance and growing secularization

• New social discourses

o Positivism and the growing prestige of science — Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positive

Philosophy (1830–1842); science as culminating point of human intellectual and social

development.

o Materialism — mental and spiritual forces and cultural ideals were seen to be the product of

physical forces; truth found in material existence, not intuition or feeling.

Darwin’s major contributions and ideas

• On the Origin of Species (1859)

o Theory of natural selection articulated as the principle mechanism through which evolution

occurred; similar ideas were developed nearly simultaneously by Alfred R. Wallace (1823–1913).

o More living organisms came into existence than could survive; variety of species is infinite;

new biological forms emerged from older ones.

o Those species possessing unique traits that made survival possible were thought to have a

marginal advantage; only those well adapted to a specific environment survived to reproduce.

o Life constituted a competitive struggle for existence (some textbooks note Darwin borrowing

ideas for this theory from Thomas Malthus).

• The Descent of Man (1871)

o Discussed implications of natural selection for humans.

o Indicated that the human body, consciousness and religious intuition evolved to ensure the

survival of the species.

o A divine being was not needed to provide an image or model for humanity.

Consequences (challenges to traditional ways of thinking)

• Called into question biblical narrative of creation; challenged traditional Judeo-Christian view of nature

as immutable and humanity as the unique creation of God.

• Challenged Enlightenment perspectives.

o Rejected the idea that nature and society were harmonious by focusing instead on ideas of

competition and continual struggle.

o Undermined assumption that nature was tranquil and noble and humans were univers

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