Answer:
b. Detachment of a separate hybridized probe molecule from the template DNA
Explanation:
Molecular beacons are a type of genetic probe that enables the hybridization of oligonucleotides. These molecules have a flourishing component that binds to a nucleotide sequence and allows the identification of this nucleotide sequence in DNA or RNA without the release of radioactivity. For the use of these molecular beacons to be possible, one needs complementarity between the model DNA and the probe sequence, illumination of the hybridized beacon to detect fluorescence and proximity-based quenching of the fluorophore prior to beacon hybridization.
Answer:
a) Genes b and c are farthest apart.
Explanation:
Transformation occurs when a competent bacteria cell takes up genetic material from the environment. Usually a donor cell donates its gene fragment which is then incorporated into the chromosome or plasmid of recipient bacterial cell.
Cotransformation occurs when two genes are taken up together by the recipient. The closer the genes lie to each other, more are the chances of them being taken up together. Contransformation frequency will be higher if two genes are close to each other. Here, cotransformation frequencies between three genes are given. Amongst them, the lowest frequency is 0.0064% which is present between gene b and c. Hence, gene b and c are the farthest apart.
Answer:
In the mRNA sequence AUGGUGCAUGUC the maximum number of amino acids that can be encoded is 4 (option A).
Explanation:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) has a sequence of nitrogenous bases produced by the transcription of a DNA strand. This sequence of bases is organized in triplets or codons —made up of 3 nitrogenous bases— that can encode an amino acid, or mark the beginning or end —STOP codon—of protein synthesis.
From the sequence:
AUGGUGCAUGUC
Four codons are obtained, each of which encodes a different amino acid:
<em>Codons: AUG-GUG-CAU-GUC</em>
<em>Amino acids: Met - Val - His - Val</em>
<em>Methionine Valine Histidina and Valine are the four amino acids encoded by the 12 nucleotide sequence of the mRNA.</em>
Answer:
The process where part of the DNA is saved during replication is known as semi conservative replication.
Explanation:
During cell division, a cell must first replicate its DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). When a cell divides into daughter cells , the DNA of the parent cell must be copied because DNA contains the genetic material of an organism. DNA replication is the process in which DNA is copied during the cell division cycle. During replication, the complementary strands of the original double helix DNA are separated and one of the two strands in the original molecule is saved in the new DNA molecule. Thus the new DNA molecule is made of an original strand and a newly synthesized strand. So the DNA replication is known as semi conservative replication. Each strand of the original DNA molecule is referred as the template strand because it provides information for the production of newly synthesized strand. It takes place inside the nucleus
of a cell during the s stage of the cell cycle. During replication, helicase enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases (Adenine with Thymine, Cytosine with Guanine) and unwinds the double helix of DNA. The two separated strands create a Y-shaped replication fork and act as templates for the synthesis of new strands of DNA. Enzymes known as DNA polymerases create the new strands.
B. Cell wall and a central vacuole
The cell wall is a rigid structure that surrounds the cells and allows plants to stay upright. Animal cells are more fluid.
The central vacuole is a large region in the cell that stores nutrients and fluids. Many cells, including animal cells, contain vacuoles, but most are small, and only plant cells contain large central vacuoles.
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