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2 years ago

14. Brainstorm and write at least 3 potential challenges or important points to consider when conducting the described

1 answer:

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When conducting an experiment, there are different aspects to consider, such as the question that drives to the reseach, the hypothesis, theoretical framework, variables involved -independent, dependent, and controll-, methodology, study groups, data analisys, among others.

In the exposed example, Pincky is lacking theoretical framework, defining which are the study groups, methodology to collect data, and a description of data analysis.

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The scientific method is a research method that consists of systematic observations, measures, experimentation, analysis, and verification of a hypothesis. It is based on two aspects: reproducibility, which is the capability of reproducing the experiment in any other place by any researcher, and refutability, which is the susceptibility to be refused.

When conducting an experiment, you need to consider,

• Definition and problem statement. The question for which there is not an answer yet.

• Hypothesis formulation. A hypothesis is a scientific conjecture, not verified, that requires corroboration.

• Data collection and analysis. This step involves testing the observations.

• Results

• Verification of hypothesis. This step involves the deriving of the working hypothesis.

• Discussion and Conclusion.

Previous knowledge about the study object is always required for a better understandig. A question the investigator wants to answer. The main goal of the study, which is basically what the investigator wants to find out. The researcher makes a hypothesis to predict what is going to happen. The experiment is to be performed to answer the question. The conclusions through which the hypothesis might be rejected or accepted.

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So in this experiment there must be,

Theoretical framework, such as information about the species, life stage at which they begin chirping, about external factors that might affect it or benefit it, and etcetera.

The goal: To know how temperature affects cricket´s chirping

Hypothesis: Crickets chirp less frequently under cold temperature than under warm temperature.

Variables: Temperature → Independent

Chirp frequency → Dependent

Water and food supply, light exposure, refuge → Controlled

Study groups: group of crickets exposed to a warmer temperature

group of crickets exposed to a colder temperature

Methodology: Individuals analyzed should be in the same development stage, or at least be sexually mature. Two groups of 10 individuals each should be placed under the same conditions, excepting for temperature. One of the groups should be exposed to warmer temperatures and the other one to lower temperatures. Chirps should be recorded for a week.

Data analysis: Using the chirps records, the frequency can be measured for each group. Results should be compared using different statistical analyses.

Results: Results should be clearly exposed, using texts, charts, and graphs.

Discussion and Conclusion: Hypothesis acceptance or rejection. Discussion about the expected results against the observed ones.

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Related link: brainly.com/question/17645242

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First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
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Explanation:

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Even though the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup, this is placed far away in evolution, making the outgroup to be the taxonomic group less related to the other lineages. The lineages in the ingroup share another common ancestor that is more recent in history.

To select the outgroup, you need to focus on what you are interested in. There might be several outgroups, but you should choose the one that is more related or closer to the ingroups. This selection is important because you need to make comparisons to understand the evolution of specific traits.

In the exposed example, we need to focus on animals that have four limbs. Then, we might assume that the ingroup is composed of Amphibians Crocodiles Dinosaurs. Sharks and Ray-Finned Fish do not have four limbs, so they might be considered outgroups.

From these two outgroups, sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Ray-Finned Fishes have a bony skeleton. This fact makes ray-finned fishes more related to the ingroup than the sharks. So,

First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
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