Since, the options are not given the question is incomplete. The complete question is as follows:
Unbeknownst to her or her care team, a 51-year-old woman's breast cancer has an etiology rooted in the fact that tumor suppressor genes are present but have been silenced. Consequently, she has not synthesized normal cancer-suppressing proteins and neoplasia has resulted. What process has accounted for the woman's cancer?
A. Chromosomal translocation
B. The “two-hit” hypothesis of carcinogenesi
s
C. Epigenetic mechanisms
D. A DNA repair defect
Answer: C. Epigenetic mechanisms
Explanation:
In cancer epigenetics the modification of the DNA of the cancer cells occur which will not cause the change in the nucleotide sequence rather it will affect the way, through which the genetic code is being expressed in the body. In cancer different type of epigenetic mechanisms can result which may cause silencing of the tumor suppressor genes, modification of the histone, dysregulation of proteins of DNA, alteration of the methylation pattern of DNA.
According to the given situation, is an example of the epigenetic mechanism of cancer. This is because the tumor suppressor genes of cancer cells are present but these are silenced, that is they are non-functional as a result of this the cancer-suppressing proteins will not be synthesized in the body. This entire condition will be contributing to the neoplasia.
Answer:
A tumor refers to a lump or mass of tissue, which may look like an inflammation. However, not all tumors are cancerous. The development of a tumor takes place when the proliferation of cells takes place too briskly.
The size of a tumor can vary in size, that is, from a large mass to a tiny nodule, on the basis of the type, and it can appear almost anywhere on the body. There are primarily two type of tumor known. These are benign, that is, non-cancerous and malignant, that is, cancerous.
In the given case, the patient possessing a tumor in the vertebral cavity or the canal would likely develop symptoms first. This is due to the fact that vertebral cavity exhibits less space in comparison to the abdominopelvic cavity. Therefore, the tumor would interfere with the muscles, nerves, and other parts of the body before the abdominopelvic tumor would develop large enough to disturb the organs present in that cavity.
Answer: a. Seasonal pattern
Explanation:
Seasonal pattern or seasonal affective disorder is a kind of depression which affects the patient at a particular season and goes when the season ends. It typically starts from late fall and months of early winter. It goes away in springs and summer.
Hence, Petyr experiences symptoms of seasonal pattern depression.
Answer:
The correct answer is D.
Explanation:
Papillary muscles, attached via chordae tendineae, help to close the valves and prevent regurgitation.
Pectinate muscles are parallel ridges in the walls of the atrium of the heart, mainly in right atrium. They can stretch during adverse loading conditions, to <em>help the right atrium to dilate without much wall stres</em>s.
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