Need an awnser asap!!

If mrna codons are aug, ggu and cag, what three codons of trna will attach?

Artemon [7]

Source : Net

* it signals the start of translation

* it codes for the incorporation of the amino acid methionine (Met) into the growing polypeptide chain

The genetic code can be expressed as either RNA codons or DNA codons. RNA codons occur in messenger RNA (mRNA) and are the codons that are actually "read" during the synthesis of polypeptides (the process called translation). But each mRNA molecule acquires its sequence of nucleotides by transcription from the corresponding gene. Because DNA sequencing has become so rapid and because most genes are now being discovered at the level of DNA before they are discovered as mRNA or as a protein product, it is extremely useful to have a table of codons expressed as DNA. So here are both.

Note that for each table, the left-hand column gives the first nucleotide of the codon, the 4 middle columns give the second nucleotide, and the last column gives the third nucleotide.

The RNA Codons

Second nucleotide U C A G

U UUU Phenylalanine (Phe) UCU Serine (Ser) UAU Tyrosine (Tyr) UGU Cysteine (Cys) U

UUC Phe UCC Ser UAC Tyr UGC Cys C

UUA Leucine (Leu) UCA Ser UAA STOP UGA STOP A

UUG Leu UCG Ser UAG STOP UGG Tryptophan (Trp) G

C CUU Leucine (Leu) CCU Proline (Pro) CAU Histidine (His) CGU Arginine (Arg) U

CUC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg C

CUA Leu CCA Pro CAA Glutamine (Gln) CGA Arg A

CUG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg G

A AUU Isoleucine (Ile) ACU Threonine (Thr) AAU Asparagine (Asn) AGU Serine (Ser) U

AUC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser C

AUA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lysine (Lys) AGA Arginine (Arg) A

AUG Methionine (Met) or START ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg G

G GUU Valine Val GCU Alanine (Ala) GAU Aspartic acid (Asp) GGU Glycine (Gly) U

GUC (Val) GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly C

GUA Val GCA Ala GAA Glutamic acid (Glu) GGA Gly A

GUG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly G

The DNA Codons

These are the codons as they are read on the sense (5' to 3') strand of DNA. Except that the nucleotide thymidine (T) is found in place of uridine (U), they read the same as RNA codons. However, mRNA is actually synthesized using the antisense strand of DNA (3' to 5') as the template. [Discussion]

This table could well be called the Rosetta Stone of life.

The Genetic Code (DNA)

TTT Phe TCT Ser TAT Tyr TGT Cys

TTC Phe TCC Ser TAC Tyr TGC Cys

TTA Leu TCA Ser TAA STOP TGA STOP

TTG Leu TCG Ser TAG STOP TGG Trp

CTT Leu CCT Pro CAT His CGT Arg

CTC Leu CCC Pro CAC His CGC Arg

CTA Leu CCA Pro CAA Gln CGA Arg

CTG Leu CCG Pro CAG Gln CGG Arg

ATT Ile ACT Thr AAT Asn AGT Ser

ATC Ile ACC Thr AAC Asn AGC Ser

ATA Ile ACA Thr AAA Lys AGA Arg

ATG Met* ACG Thr AAG Lys AGG Arg

GTT Val GCT Ala GAT Asp GGT Gly

GTC Val GCC Ala GAC Asp GGC Gly

GTA Val GCA Ala GAA Glu GGA Gly

GTG Val GCG Ala GAG Glu GGG Gly

*When within gene; at beginning of gene, ATG signals start of translation.

Codon Bias

All but two of the amino acids (Met and Trp) can be encoded by from 2 to 6 different codons. However, the genome of most organisms reveals that certain codons are preferred over others. In humans, for example, alanine is encoded by GCC four times as often as by GCG. Why should this be? The answer is uncertain but probably reflects a greater translation efficiency by the translation apparatus (e.g., ribosomes) for certain codons over their synonyms.

Codon bias even extends to pairs of codons: wherever a human protein contains the amino acids Ala-Glu, the gene encoding those amino acids is seven times as likely to use the codons GCAGAG rather than the synonymous GCCGAA.

Codon bias is exploited by the biotechnology industry to improve the yield of the desired product. The ability to manipulate codon bias may also usher in a era of safer vaccines. Link to a discussion.

Exceptions to the Code

The genetic code is almost universal. The same codons are assigned to the same amino acids and to the same START and STOP signals in the vast majority of genes in animals, plants, and microorganisms. However, some exceptions have been found. Most of these involve assigning one or two of the three STOP codons to an amino acid instead.

Mitochondrial genes

When mitochondrial mRNA from animals or microorganisms (but not from plants) is placed in a test tube with the cytosolic protein-synthesizing machinery (amino acids, enzymes, tRNAs, ribosomes) it fails to be translated into a protein.

The reason: these mitochondria use UGA to encode tryptophan (Trp) rather than as a chain terminator. When translated by cytosolic machinery, synthesis stops where Trp should have been inserted.

In addition, most

* animal mitochondria use AUA for methionine not isoleucine and

* all vertebrate mitochondria use AGA and AGG as chain terminators.

* Yeast mitochondria assign all codons beginning with CU to threonine instead of leucine (which is still encoded by UUA and UUG as it is in cytosolic mRNA).

3 0

3 years ago

People with diabetes often receive insulin injections. What effect does insulin have on the body?

Gennadij [26K]

The right answer is B.

Insulin is a hormone naturally secreted by the pancreas, specifically by specialized cells located in the islets of Langerhans. It allows glucose (sugar) to pass blood into the cells of the body. These will use glucose as energy or store it for future use.

In healthy subjects, insulin is secreted continuously. The body produces insulin according to the needs and foods consumed. For example, after a meal, the pancreas secretes additional insulin, allowing blood glucose to stay within normal limits.

8 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

What is cyclin dependent kinase?

Bezzdna [24]

Answer:

please mark as brainliest answer as it will also give you 3 points

Explanation:

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the families of protein kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle. They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells.[1] They are present in all known eukaryotes, and their regulatory function in the cell cycle has been evolutionarily conserved. In fact, yeast cells can proliferate normally when their CDK gene has been replaced with the homologous human gene.[1][2] CDKs are relatively small proteins, with molecular weights ranging from 34 to 40 kDa, and contain little more than the kinase domain.[1] By definition, a CDK binds a regulatory protein called a cyclin. Without cyclin, CDK has little kinase activity; only the cyclin-CDK complex is an active kinase but its activity can be typically further modulated by phosphorylation and other binding proteins, like p27. CDKs phosphorylate their substrates on serines and threonines, so they are serine-threonine kinases.[1] The consensus sequence for the phosphorylation site in the amino acid sequence of a CDK substrate is [S/T*]PX[K/R], where S/T* is the phosphorylated serine or threonine, P is proline, X is any amino acid, K is lysine, and R is arginine.[1]

7 0

2 years ago

How can carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins be detected in foods?

tino4ka555 [31]

The Benedict’s Test is the test which can detect carbohydrates and glucose in foods. During this process, the sample or the food is placed into a test tube and then some drops of Benedict's solution is added to it,and is then put into a beaker of boiling water. When the mixture of food and the Benedict substance turns reddish orange instead of staying blue, this means that it is positive. The mixture has simple sugar or has carbohydrates or glucose. On the other hand, lipids are tested using the brown paper test. When the paper turns transparent when a drop of food is put into it, it means that is is positive as well. When you want to test if the food has proteins, you have to test it with Biurets. Observe if the color change when you put some Biurets solution to the food sample. It is positive if the food turns light purple. Test if the food is positive with starches through the use of iodine. Food having iodine drops should turn purple instead of staying a yellow color.

6 0

2 years ago

During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ___________, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from ___

Annette [7]

During photosynthesis, the energy used to pump protons comes from ______light_____, whereas in cellular respiration it comes from ______NADH/FADH₂_______.

<h3>What are the steps in photosynthesis?</h3>

The first step in photosynthesis is the absorption of light by chlorophyll bound to chloroplast thylakoid proteins. The absorbed light energy is used to remove electrons from electron donors such as water to form oxygen.
The electrons are then transferred to the primary electron acceptor, quinine (Q.). Electrons are further transferred from the primary electron acceptor to the final electron acceptor (usually NADP⁺).
Proton transfer from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma via the F₀F₁ complex generates ATP from ADP and Pi.
The NADP and ATP produced in steps 2 and 3 provide the energy, and the electrons power the process of reducing the carbon to a six-carbon sugar molecule.

The first three steps of photosynthesis, are directly dependent on light energy and are thus, called light reactions, while the reactions in the last step are independent of light and thus are termed dark reactions.

To know more about photosynthesis visit:

brainly.com/question/1388366

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5 0

8 months ago