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svlad2 [7]
3 years ago
8

Write down everything that you know about climate or climate change.

Engineering
1 answer:
marta [7]3 years ago
7 0
The Earth's average temperature is about 15C but has been much higher and lower in the past.
There are natural fluctuations in the climate but scientists say temperatures are now rising faster than at many other times.
This is linked to the greenhouse effect, which describes how the Earth's atmosphere traps some of the Sun's energy.
Solar energy radiating back to space from the Earth's surface is absorbed by greenhouse gases and re-emitted in all directions.
This heats both the lower atmosphere and the surface of the planet. Without this effect, the Earth would be about 30C colder and hostile to life.
The greenhouse gas with the greatest impact on warming is water vapour. But it remains in the atmosphere for only a few days.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), however, persists for much longer. It would take hundreds of years for a return to pre-industrial levels and only so much can be soaked up by natural reservoirs such as the oceans.
Most man-made emissions of CO2 come from burning fossil fuels. When carbon-absorbing forests are cut down and left to rot, or burned, that stored carbon is released, contributing to global warming. The world is about one degree Celsius warmer than before widespread industrialisation, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
It says the past five years, 2015–2019, were the warmest on record.
Across the globe, the average sea level increased by 3.6mm per year between 2005 and 2015.
Most of this change was because water increases in volume as it heats up. However, melting ice is now thought to be the main reason for rising sea levels. Most glaciers in temperate regions of the world are retreating.
And satellite records show a dramatic decline in Arctic sea-ice since 1979. The Greenland Ice Sheet has experienced record melting in recent years.
Warmth shatters section of Greenland ice shelf
Satellite data also shows the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is losing mass. A recent study indicated East Antarctica may also have started to lose mass.
The effects of a changing climate can also be seen in vegetation and land animals. These include earlier flowering and fruiting times for plants and changes in the territories of animals.
The change in the global surface temperature between 1850 and the end of the 21st Century is likely to exceed 1.5C, most simulations suggest.
The WMO says that if the current warming trend continues, temperatures could rise 3-5C by the end of this century.
Temperature rises of 2C had long been regarded as the gateway to dangerous warming. More recently, scientists and policymakers have argued that limiting temperature rises to 1.5C is safer. There is uncertainty about how great the impact of a changing climate will be.
It could cause fresh water shortages, dramatically alter our ability to produce food, and increase the number of deaths from floods, storms and heatwaves. This is because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme weather events - though linking any single event to global warming is complicated. As the world warms, more water evaporates, leading to more moisture in the air. This means many areas will experience more intense rainfall - and in some places snowfall. But the risk of drought in inland areas during hot summers will increase. More flooding is expected from storms and rising sea levels. But there are likely to be very strong regional variations in these patterns. Poorer countries, which are least equipped to deal with rapid change, could suffer the most.
Plant and animal extinctions are predicted as habitats change faster than species can adapt. And the World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that the health of millions could be threatened by increases in malaria, water-borne disease and malnutrition. As more CO2 is released into the atmosphere, uptake of the gas by the oceans increases, causing the water to become more acidic. This could pose major problems for coral reefs.
Global warming will cause further changes that are likely to create further heating. This includes the release of large quantities of methane as permafrost - frozen soil found mainly at high latitudes - melts.
Responding to climate change will be one of the biggest challenges we face this century.
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Argon is compressed in a polytropic process with n = 1.2 from 120 kPa and 10°C to 850 kPa in a piston–cylinder device. Determine
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Answer:

W=-109.12 kJ/kg

Q=-76.34 kJ/kg

Explanation:

The needed work W we will calculate by using the work equation for polytropic process and the heat transfer Q we will calculate by using the energy balance equation.

Before the calculations we first need to determine the final temperature T2. We will do that by using the given initial temperature T1 = 10°C, the given initial p_1 = 120 kPa and final p_2 = 800 kPa pressure and the polytropic index n = 1.2. Before the calculation we need to express the temperature in K units.  

T1 = 10°C + 273 K = 283 K  

T2 = ((p_2/p_1)^(n-1)/n)* T1

T2 = 388 K

Now we can use the heat capacity C_v, = 0.3122 kJ /kg K and the temperatures T1 and T2 to determine the change in internal energy ΔU.  

ΔU = C_v*(T2-T1)

ΔU = 32.78 kJ/kg

to determine the work we will also need the initial v1 and final v2 specific volume. The initial specific volume v1 we can determine from the ideal gas equation. For the calculation we will need the initial pressure p_1, temperature T1 and the specific gas constant R = 0.2081 kJ /kg K.  

v1=R*T1/p_1

v1=0.4908 m^3/kg

For the final specific volume we need to replace the initial temperature and pressure with the final.  

v2=R*T2/p_2

v2=0.1009 m^3/kg

The work W is then:  

W=p_2*v2-p_1*v1/n-1

W=-109.12 kJ/kg

The heat transfer Q we can calculate form the energy balance equation. For the calculation we will need the calculated work W and the change in internal energy ΔU.  

Q=W+ΔU

Q=-76.34 kJ/kg

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4 years ago
code a class named sllqueue that uses a double-ended singly linked list to implement a queue as described in this chapter. provi
julia-pushkina [17]

Answer:

See attached file please.

Explanation:

See attached file for detailed explanation and code.

import java.util.*;

class LinklistImplementQueue {  

public static void main(String[] args)

{

Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);

/* Creating object of class SLLQueue */    

SLLQueue lq = new SLLQueue();

char ch;

do

{

System.out.println("\nQueue Operations");

System.out.println("1. ENQUEUE");

System.out.println("2. DEQUEUE");

int choice = scan.nextInt();

.

.

.

.

See attached file for complete code.

Download txt
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6.Identification of Material ParametersThe principal in-plane stresses and associated strains in a plate of material areσ1= 50 k
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Answer:

See attached image for diagrams and solution

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