Answer:
Convicts
Explanation:
Convicts were forced to settle in colonial america, that was the colonial punishment, penal colonies were those where convicts were sent to make forced labour for the time they were punished for their crimes and then they could be free, somthing like this happened in Australia which eventually became basically the penitentiary for the whole British Commonwealth and were convicts were sent to live their sentence.
B. An urban area, aka a city.
There is a number of ways that Portugal and other European nations tried to challenge Spanish power:
1. illegal trade with Spanish colonies - given that Spain forbade any nation to trade with their colonies in the Americas, they had to do it illegally, without Spanish knowledge. Smugglers had a special role in this given that they did most of the work
2. pirates - these nations tried to do everything in their power to diminish the authority Spain had in the Americas. This is why they resorted to privateers - that is just a fancy name for pirates who preyed on Spanish ships in order to steal their treasure
