<span>A protonephridia is known as a flame cell because it is a specialized excretory cell. This simply means that these cells have the ability to remove waste materials within an organ of a particular living organisms. Some freshwater invertebrates, flatworms, and rotifers have these specialized cells within their systems.<span>
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In order to test the implications of early emotional bonding, scientists have done testing on infant emotionality by separating animal babies from their natural mothers, allowing them to be raised by another of their same species. This testing strategy is called Cross fostering
- Transfer of children between mothers is known as cross-fostering. This method is used to distinguish between environmental and genetic impacts on behavior.
- Transferring some freshly born or hatched young of species A from their mother nest to the nests of species B is the primary process of cross-fostering.
- A behavior can be proven to have a genetic foundation if cross-fostered offspring have a behavioral attribute that is distinct from that of their foster parents and similar to that of their biological parents.
- Similarly, environmental variables are proven to be dominating if the offspring exhibits qualities that are different from those of their biological parents and comparable to those of their foster parents.
- There is frequently a combination of the two, demonstrating both genes.
- This can be utilized in selective livestock breeding to combine desirable genetic traits like weight, fat distribution, or looks with ones that are influenced by the environment, like temper.
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Color is the least reliable
Individual and public health are affected by environmental and genetic factors is a statement which reflects reality. Firstly, susceptibility to certain diseases usually or often runs in a family so that if there is say, diabetes in the father and grandmother for example, the son or daughter has more chances of getting it so this is a genetic susceptibility.. Also, some families are more prone to cancer so that given the right circumstances, cancer can develop. So it is usually a combination of both genetic and environmental causes that results in a disease. An example of public health could be when smallpox was deliberately introduced to the First Nations people in British Columbia, Canada back in the 1800's to decimate them and remove their resistance to the gold mining hordes. Since the First Nations had no anti-bodies to counteract such a disease unlike the white men who introduced it to them, then they easily fell prey to it and died within days of contracting it.
