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By declaring themselves an independent nation, the American colonists were able to confirm an official alliance with the Government of France and obtain French assistance in the war against Great Britain. ... Independence would be necessary, however, before French officials would consider the possibility of an alliance.
Answer:1. Western Europe
2. Anglo-Saxons
3. pillage and gift
4. Pepin the Short
5. three
6. Vikings
7. bourgeoisie
8. Investiture
9. pope
10. scholasticism
Explanation:
11. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. England was a leader in literacy from its early history. Not only was literacy high in England, their monks also led literacy efforts in Europe. Literacy was key to developing its strong legal and taxation systems that would help the state become stronger.
12. Answers may vary. A sample answer is provided. Important intellectual ideas were developed from the twelfth to fifteenth centuries. During the Twelfth-Century Renaissance, scholars translated many Arabic texts into Latin, which made Islamic and ancient Greek scholarship and ideas accessible to the educated classes in Europe. In the thirteenth century, scholastics showed that theological questions could be discussed using logical reasoning. Finally, the European Renaissance introduced humanism, which began to challenge the central place of religious values in society. All three movements built on ideas from the ancient Greeks and Romans.
C. the execution of the last Inca ruler, Atahualpa
