Answer:
The autonomic nervous system is the main neural regulator of circulation and blood pressure in the short term and beat by beat and exerts its function through various reflexes that regulate vasomotor tone, heart rate and cardiac output. At the renal level, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is possibly the most important in the maintenance of arterial homeostasis.
Explanation:
Blood pressure is regulated by a series of interrelated autonomic systems and humoral reflexes, which continually adjust the determining elements of the system (heart rate, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance and circulating volume).The effective circulating volume is controlled by a series of reflex systems, which obtain information about the perfusion pressure (baroreceptors in the carotid bulb and aortic arch), plasma osmolarity (hypothalamus) and urinary sodium (distal tubule).The kidney has its own self-regulatory mechanisms. The reduction in renal blood flow is detected at the level of the mesangial cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, starting the renin-angiotensin system. The increase in angiotensin II produces on the one hand local vasoconstriction, and on the other hand stimulates the production of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex with the consequent tubular reabsorption of sodium and water.Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin (released from the hypothalamus by stimulation of arterial baroreceptors and also by stimulation of angiotensin II) also acts at the renal level, which acts as a powerful and water-saving vasoconstrictor in the distal tubule.
Answer:
Taking into account the concepts presented in chemistry with respect to elements and compounds, it is possible to affirm that the compounds are formed by two or more elements.
Explanation:
Two or more chemical elements have the ability to bind -by forming bonds- to obtain a compound. This occurs randomly in nature.
The bonds between the elements that form a compound must be stable enough to ensure the stability of the molecule. A chemical compound can only be separated into the elements that form it by chemical processes.
The bonds types that form compounds can be:
- <em>Ionic bond.</em>
- <em>Covalent bond.</em>
- <em>Coordinated covalent bond.</em>
- <em>Metallic bond.</em>
It is necessary to mention that chemical elements are called atoms, and the bonds between them are molecules. The physical and chemical properties of a compound will be different from the properties of the elements that form it.
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