Plato's famous philosophical work was called The Republic. In this seminal work Plato, who was a famous Greek philosopher from the antique times, he was describing how a utopia in the form of a country would look like. His work is still being read tody and is considered an important piece of intellectual work in some aspects.
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James Watt- steam engine with condenser- used much less coal than earlier engines.
Henry Bessemer- Industrial process for steel production- made it cost efficient to produce steel from molten iron on a large scale.
Eli Whitney- Cotton gin- Allowed fibre to be extracted from seed more efficiently.
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I think it's B. the period when the Roman Empire experienced peace and prosperity
Catholic. Not only does the Pope reside in Italy and they are frequently chosen from Italy, but lots of French and Spanish art is heavily influenced by Catholic themes.