Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation is also one's direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a behavior.[1] A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.[2]
According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are."[3]
Types of theories and models:- Motivation theories can be classified on a number of bases:
<span><span>Natural vs. Rational: based on whether the underlying theory of human cognition is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity).</span><span>Content vs. Process: based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place.</span></span>
Motivation as a desire to perform an action is usually defined as having two parts, directional such as directed towards a positive stimulus or away from a negative one, as well as the activated "seeking phase" and consummatory "liking phase". This type of motivation has neurobiological roots in the basal ganglia, and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. Activated "seeking" behavior, such as locomotor activity, is influenced by dopaminergic drugs, and microdialysis experiments reveal that dopamine is released during the anticipation of a reward.[4] The "wanting behavior" associated with a rewarding stimulus can be increased by microinjections of dopamine and dopaminergic drugs in the dorsorostral nucleus accumbens and posterior ventral palladium. Opioid injections in this area produce pleasure, however outside of these hedonic hotspots they create an increased desire.[5] Furthermore, depletion or inhibition of dopamine in neurons of the nucleus accumbens decreases appetitive but not consummatory behavior. Dopamine is further implicated in motivation as administration of amphetamine increased the break point in a progressive ratio self-reinforcement schedule. That is, subjects were willing to go to greater lengths (e.g. press a lever more times) to obtain a reward.[6]
<span>Psychological theories<span>[edit<span>]</span></span></span>
Answer:True
Explanation:The cocktail party effect occurs when we are able to actual filter out any other meaningless noise and focus on one person especially when we are in a noisy environment.
For example when we are in a party we are able to use one ear and pay attention to who we are talking to buy be able to not listen to everyone else around but of course if anyone were to call our names this will immediately gran our attention cause we feel that they may be something important that we need to hear.
Answer:
Of the options provided, the characteristic that applies to Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy is Option D. A set of rules govern the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization.
Explanation:
Weber described many ideal types of public administration and governance in his book called Economy and Society, published in 1922. He noted that traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal or bureaucratic were the three kinds of power in organizations. For Weber, in the bureaucratic system legitimacy is believed to come from a legal order. There are six dimensions to the nature of the bureaucratic organization for Weber: Administrative class, hierarchy, division of work, official rules, impersonal relationships, and official record. The advantages of bureaucracy are consistency in employee behavior because employees are certain of the rules and their duties and responsibilities are clearly defined. The management process is easier as a result. But in terms of disadvantages, the rules in a bureaucracy can make it hard to innovate or to change behaviors and strict adherence to rules can lead to inefficiencies over time if there are a lot of reporting requirements or red tape, for instance.
April 12 was already a huge day in space history twenty years before the launch of the first shuttle mission. On that day in 1961, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin<span> became the first human in space, making a 108-minute orbital flight in his Vostok 1 spacecraft.</span>
