Answer and Explanation:
The psychological disorder consists of three components:
1. Psychological dysfunction
Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
2. Personal distress
Being extremely upset (caution – sometimes it is normal to be extremely upset)
3. Atypical or not culturally expected behavior
Social norms and their possible misuse
The Biological Tradition
• Hippocrates: Mental illness caused by brain pathology, head trauma, heredity
• Galen: Humeral theory of disorders (blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm)
• Pasteur’s germ theory of disease: Mental illness can be caused by a bacterial infection (syphilis)
• John P. Grey: Insanity is always due to physical causes, and patients who have a mental illness should be treated as physically ill.
• Focus on diagnosis: Search for biological causes and classification
• Therapy: Undiscovered psychopathology – reduced interest in treating patients
• Insulin shock therapy: Electroconvulsive therapy
ECT and Chemical drugs
The Psychological Tradition
• Mesmerism – ancestor of hypnosis, using unconscious processes in therapy
• Catharsis – rapid and sudden release of emotional tension
• Structure of the mind (id, ego, superego)
• Defense mechanisms (coping styles in response to particular situations, e.g., displacement, denial, projection, rationalization, sublimation)
• Humanistic Theory
Self-actualizing – we need the freedom to grow in order to reach our highest potential
Maslow (hierarchy of needs)-Person-centered therapy (Rogers) – unconditional positive regard and empathy
• Behaviorist Theory
Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Little Albert (Watson)
Systematic desensitization (Joseph Wolpe)
Behavior therapy (conditioning and reward)
