Modern Prokaryotes are sing celled organisms without complex organelles.
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The three phases of signal transduction is (1) reception, (2) transduction, and (3) response. Reception involves the binding of a ligand, may it be a hormone or a neurotransmitter; to a receptor, may it be a membrane receptor, cytosolic receptor, or a nuclear receptor. After binding of the ligand to the receptor, there will be signal transduction of events that will ultimately form a response. For instance, insulin actin on the insulin receptor will trigger a series of events that will increase the transcription of the gene translating for glucose transporters and ultimately, increase the number of glucose transporters embedded in the cell membrane leading to increased glucose uptake in tissues.
Cyanobacteria are primitive organisms where chloroplasts are believed to be originated. Now, with the theory of endosymbiosis, this suggests that these organelle from cyanobacteria was engulfed by other organisms which has helped them process light with the help of chloroplasts.
In the lower layers of the skin and small intestines
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