The first human spaceflight named Vostok 1 was launched on April 12, 1961. This spaceflight took along with it Yuri Gagarin, a Cosmonaut who came from the Soviet Union. Thus this scientist was the first to ever travel to space and enter into orbit.
The formal end of the space shuttle program was marked in August 31, 2011. The last shuttle, STS-135 that was flown by Atlantis was retired on July 2011. So the time duration between the first human spaceflight and the end of the space shuttle program spanned some 50 years.
In Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962), the Supreme Court ruled that school-sponsored prayer in public schools violated the establishment clause of the First Amendment.
