<u>Answer:</u> A) the mobility of particles in a liquid rather than their fixed positions in a solid.
<em>There is a </em><em>general tendency for liquids to conduct electricity more than solids due to the mobility of particles in a liquid</em><em> rather than their fixed positions in a solid.
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<u>Explanation:</u>
<em>Substances are classified into solids, liquids and gases</em> based on the freedom movement of their individual particles. In solids the particles are thickly packed which allows them hardly any <em>freedom of movement</em>. But liquid particles have greater freedom of movement than solids particles.
This is the <em>reason for the better conduction of electricity </em>by liquids when compared with solids. Movement of charges from one point to the other is called electricity and when the <em>particles of a conducting medium</em> has <em>greater freedom of movement electricity</em> flow will be easier.
A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to cause disease in a plant, animal or insect. Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease in a host organism. Microbes express their pathogenicity by means of their virulence, a term which refers to the degree of pathogenicity of the microbe. Hence, the determinants of virulence of a pathogen are any of its genetic or biochemical or structural features that enable it to produce disease in a host.
The relationship between a host and a pathogen is dynamic, since each modifies the activities and functions of the other. The outcome of such a relationship depends on the virulence of the pathogen and the relative degree of resistance or susceptibility of the host, due mainly to the effectiveness of the host defense mechanisms. Staphylococcus aureus, arguably the most prevalent pathogen of humans, may cause up to one third of all bacterial diseases ranging from boils and pimples to food poisoning, to septicemia and toxic shock. Electron micrograph from Visuals Unlimited, with permission.
The Underlying Mechanisms of Bacterial Pathogenicity
Two broad qualities of pathogenic bacteria underlie the means by which they cause disease:
1. Invasiveness is the ability to invade tissues. It encompasses mechanisms for colonization (adherence and initial multiplication), production of extracellular substances which facilitate invasion (invasins) and ability to bypass or overcome host defense mechanisms.
2. Toxigenesis is the ability to produce toxins. Bacteria may produce two types of toxins called exotoxins and endotoxins. Exotoxins are released from bacterial cells and may act at tissue sites removed from the site of bacterial growth. Endotoxins are cell-associated substance. (In a classic sense, the term endotoxin refers to the lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria). However, endotoxins may be released from growing bacterial cells and cells that are lysed as a result of effective host defense (e.g. lysozyme) or the activities of certain antibiotics (e.g. penicillins and cephalosporins). Hence, bacterial toxins, both soluble and cell-associated, may be transported by blood and lymph and cause cytotoxic effects at tissue sites remote from the original point of invasion or growth. Some bacterial toxins may also act at the site of colonization and play a role in invasion. Acid-fast stain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis (TB). The bacteria are the small pink-staining rods. More than one-third of the world population is infected. The organism has caused more human deaths than any other bacterium in the history of mankind. Although its ability to produce disease is multifactorial, it is not completely understood. American Society of Microbiology, with permission.
Answer:
• Increase temperature
• Increase concentration-Increase concentration of the Silver nitrate or of the copper.
• Increase surface area-Grind the copper into powder of break it up into smaller pieces.
Answer:
The inactivation of one protein that slow down the cell cycle could lead to cancer. (option b).
Explanation:
The cell cycle is the process a cell undergoes when it divides during its life. This process includes a control mechanism to prevent normal cells from replicating more than normal, called cell cycle regulation.
In oncogenesis - the formation of malignant tumours - many factors induce the abnormal growth of a tissue by the abnormal multiplication of the cells that form it, leading to cancer. One of these factors may be a mutation in the DNA that prevents the production of regulatory proteins.
The mutation that produces exaggerated cell growth -and which can eventually lead to cancer- can create defects in a specific regulatory protein that slow down the cell cycle, so that exaggerated and uncontrolled cell replication occurs.
Once a tumor tissue has formed, successive mutations will lead to a lack of cell differentiation, the property of forming blood vessels, the ability to invade tissue and lose its apoptosis mechanism, that characterizes cancer cells.
Learn more:
Cyclines in cell cycle regulation brainly.com/question/6821354
An atom.
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