The disadvantages of the pyramid of productivity as a representation: The rate of biomass production of an organism is required, which involves measuring growth and reproduction through time. There is still the difficulty of assigning the organisms to a specific trophic level.
The evolution of the peppered moth is an evolutionary instance of directional colour change in the moth population as a consequence of air pollution during the Industrial Revolution. The frequency of dark-coloured moths increased at that time, an example of industrial melanism. Later, when pollution was reduced, the light-coloured form again predominated. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth was an early test of Charles Darwin's natural selection in action, and remains as a classic example in the teaching of evolution. Sewall Wright described it as "the clearest case in which a conspicuous evolutionary process has actually been observed."
True. it starts off simple then you move into details
Yes, they are.
Minerals are the result of rock metamorphic cycles and other volcanic activities that result to these mixture of different minerals. Minerals can also be the cause of some biogeochemical cycles that occurs on the earth's different spheres.
