People are exposed to natural radiation sources as well as human-made sources on a daily basis. Natural radiation comes from many sources including more than 60 naturally-occurring radioactive materials found in soil, water and air. Radon, a naturally-occurring gas, emanates from rock and soil and is the main source of natural radiation. Every day, people inhale and ingest radionuclides from air, food and water.
People are also exposed to natural radiation from cosmic rays, particularly at high altitude. On average, 80% of the annual dose of background radiation that a person receives is due to naturally occurring terrestrial and cosmic radiation sources. Background radiation levels vary geographically due to geological differences. Exposure in certain areas can be more than 200 times higher than the global average.
Human exposure to radiation also comes from human-made sources ranging from nuclear power generation to medical uses of radiation for diagnosis or treatment. Today, the most common human-made sources of ionizing radiation are medical devices, including X-ray machines.
Exposure to ionizing radiation
Radiation exposure may be internal or external, and can be acquired through various exposure pathways.
Internal exposure to ionizing radiation occurs when a radionuclide is inhaled, ingested or otherwise enters into the bloodstream (for example, by injection or through wounds). Internal exposure stops when the radionuclide is eliminated from the body, either spontaneously (such as through excreta) or as a result of a treatment.
External exposure may occur when airborne radioactive material (such as dust, liquid, or aerosols) is deposited on skin or clothes. This type of radioactive material can often be removed from the body by simply washing.
Exposure to ionizing radiation can also result from irradiation from an external source, such as medical radiation exposure from X-rays. External irradiation stops when the radiation source is shielded or when the person moves outside the radiation field.
People can be exposed to ionizing radiation under different circumstances, at home or in public places (public exposures), at their workplaces (occupational exposures), or in a medical setting (as are patients, caregivers, and volunteers).
Exposure to ionizing radiation can be classified into 3 exposure situations. The first, planned exposure situations, result from the deliberate introduction and operation of radiation sources with specific purposes, as is the case with the medical use of radiation for diagnosis or treatment of patients, or the use of radiation in industry or research. The second type of situation, existing exposures, is where exposure to radiation already exists, and a decision on control must be taken – for example, exposure to radon in homes or workplaces or exposure to natural background radiation from the environment. The last type, emergency exposure situations, result from unexpected events requiring prompt response such as nuclear accidents or malicious acts.
Medical use of radiation accounts for 98 % of the population dose contribution from all artificial sources, and represents 20% of the total population exposure. Annually worldwide, more than 3600 million diagnostic radiology examinations are performed, 37 million nuclear medicine procedures are carried out, and 7.5 million radiotherapy treatments are given.
Worldwide, tobacco dependence is responsible for about 6 million of death per year. Tobacco industries keep posting advertisement and ads that influence and continuously attract people to become more dependent on it. The government should focus on controlling and preventing these industries. Also, the government<span> there is a need for developments of new policies that can suppress, eliminate or minimize usage of tobacco.</span>
Assimilation part should Tom identify as not correct.
Option: B
Explanation:
In child psychology and development Information-processing theory includes some parts i.e. content knowledge, strategies and basic processes. Content knowledge interprets the thing that needs to be learnt during different age structure (0-4, 5-8).
Strategies include different methods that need to be followed for learning process. Basic processes incalculates different theorem related to child's mental growth and development. Assimilation is not directly related with child development. Information processing model comprised of basic inputs of knowledge and output as a final outcome of child's learning process.
A Very good economy of Israel is an example of human capital and gross national product relationship. Israel lacks natural resources, but it has invested in human capital, which is now working for a series of different services industries, and technology related business, which gave the nation a high GDP. It has has a 96.9% literacy rate. Saudi Arabia is one of the leading oil exporters. But, extraction and purification of oil is a technical process, and therefore, Saudi invested in its human capital for making it skillful enough for achieving success in the business.
