Well, first off the spongy mesophyll does have some chloroplasts, however they are located quite far from the surface of the leaf where most of the chloroplasts are. Therefore they don't get much light and don't contribute a lot to photosynthesis in the leaf. So why should the leaf waste the energy in making chloroplasts if there is not enough light to make them all efficient enough at photosynthesis?
A frame shift mutation is the shift of the genetics of an object.
This type of mutation os caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.
D) no change in cardiac output, increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume occurs after blood donation
Explanation:
When a person donates blood, there is a slight loss of blood volume or hypovolemia. This triggers the baroreceptors of the blood; although does not trigger the osmoreceptor.
The baroreceptor responses are according to the arterial pressure which rises momentarily and results in increased sympathetic activity with decreased vagal activity.
These changes will lead to vasoconstriction, reduced stroke volume, increased heart rate or tachycardia which helps to maintain the cardiac output.
The soreness at the venepuncture site on the skin is due to bruising which is common after any needleprick. applying cold pack, elevating and resting the arm.
In order to compensate for the fluid volume loss and avoid dehydration, one must take plenty of fluids before and after blood donation.
