Troposphere is what I think it is.
Answer:
12 molecules of ATP can be made from one molecule of acetyl CoA.
Explanation:
If one molecule of acetyl CoA enter TCA cycle then it result in the formation of 3 molecules of NADH,1 molecule of FADH2 and 1 molecule of GTP that is equivalent to 1 molecule of ATP.
Now the reducing equivalent such as NADH and FADH2 enters electron transport chain and get oxidized to regenerate NAD+ and FAD along with ATP. 1 molecule of NADH produces 3 molecules of ATP whereas 1 molecule of FADH2 produces 2 molecules of ATP.
So that net gain of ATP is given below
3 molecules of NADH = 9 molecules of ATP
1 molecule of FADH2 =2 molecules of ATP
1 molecule of GTP = 1 molecule of ATP
As a result total 12 molecules of ATP is by the oxidation of 1 Acetyl CoA by TCA cycle .
<h2>b) option is correct </h2>
Explanation:
- Some bacterial toxins cause disease by altering the activity of G protein, cholera toxin is one of them
- Cholera toxin catalyse ADP ribosylation of Gs and blocks GTPase activity thus Gs GTP become permanently active
- Constitutive activation of Gs protein continuously induce adenylyl cyclase, cytosolic cAMP level rises that leads to activation of protein kinase A (pKA)
- Activated pKA catalyse phosphorylation of two transmembrane proteins of intestinal epithelial cells:
- CFTR cause excessive outflow of Cl- ion and Na+ H+ exchange cause efflux of Na+ ion, both enters in gut and form Na+ Cl-
- Na+Cl- leads to outflow of water from the gut, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration and this condition may cause death of organisms due to loss of water and ions
Humans have an interdependent relationship with other organisms just like organisms in an ecosystem are interdependent.
<h3>How are organisms interdependent?</h3>
To be interdependent means that the involved parties are mutually dependent i.e. they are reliant on one another.
Living organisms in their natural habitat are dependent on one another for food, space, mate and other resources.
However, humans are also interdependent on other organisms for resources like food, raw materials. For example, we eat plant and flesh derived from other organisms.
Learn more about interdependence at: brainly.com/question/1530206
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