The pumping cost for delivering water from the Ohio River to Wheeling Steel for cooling hot rolled steel was $1.8 million for th
e first 4 years. An effective energy conservation program resulted in a reduced cost of $1.77 million in year 5, and $1.74 million in year 6, and amounts decreasing by $30,000 each year through year 10. What is the present worth of the pumping costs in year 0 at an interest rate of 6% per year
The seller of product a has no idle capacity and can sell all it can produce at $60 per unit. outlay (variable) cost is $12. $48 is the opportunity cost, assuming the seller sells internally
It is calculated as follows:
Opportunity cost= Production cost- Outlay cost
= 60-12
=$48
Opportunity costs represent the potential benefits which any individual or investor, or any business misses out on when choosing one alternative over another.
Because the opportunity costs are generally unseen by definition, they can be easily overlooked. Understanding of the potential missed opportunities when any business or any individual chooses one investment over another investment allows for better decision making.
This phenomenon best illustrates how a progressive income-tax system serves as an automatic stabilizer for the economy.
<h3>What is an automatic stabilizer?</h3>
Automatic stabilizers are stabilizers that adjust the economy automatically without the intervention of external agents . Examples include progressive tax and transfer payments. A progressive tax is a tax structure where those who earn higher income are taxed more and those that earn less pay less amount of tax.
In an expansion, progressive tax increases the tax paid and this reduces disposable income. In a recession, tax paid is reduced and this increases disposable income
