Question

How can you tell the diffrence between horizontal and vertical translation in an equation?

Answer 1

You can tell based off the translation of graphs.
Vertical:

y=f(x) + k : graph shifts k units up

y=f(x) - k : graph shifts k units down

Horizontal:

y=f(x - k) : graph shifts k units right

y= f(x+k) : graph shifts k units left