In the GPCR-adenylyl cyclase signal transduction system, which step initiates amplification?
In the GPCR-adenylyl cyclase signal transduction system, which step initiates amplification?
Protein kinase A activation
The cellular response
Activation of the G protein
Production of cAMP
Production of cAMP
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The best answer is (1)
Fossil fuels are commercially available as an energy source.
They are very easy to find. More and more extractions of fossil fuels is going on everyday. With advancement in science and technology, the refineries and extraction procedures have improved a lot. This makes their availability even better.
Fossil fuels are also easily combustible. Most combustion engines need to be powered with little amount of fuel to produce large amount of energy. Very large amounts of electricity can be generated from fossil fuels.
Excitatory neurotransmitters cause the neuron to fire, and Inhibitory neurotransmitters cause the neuron not to fire.
Impulses are the signals passed from one neuron to another on the action of a stimulus. The impulses passed can be electrical or chemical. Neurotransmitters are the chemical molecules that help in the transfer of impulses between two neurons.
Chemicals like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glutamate when released from the synaptic cleft of one neuron activate the receptors of other neurons, thereby initiating the other neuron to fire. These chemicals are called excitatory neurotransmitters.
Chemicals like GABA and glycine, when released from the synaptic cleft of one neuron do not activate the receptors of other neurons and hence the neurons will not fire the impulse. These chemicals are called inhibitory neurotransmitters.
To know more about neurotransmitters, visit
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A minimum point used for comparison i think
Answer:
Sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes
Explanation:
During normal inhalation, contraction of the diaphragm and the contraction of external intercostals expands the chest cavity. The increased volume of the thoracic cavity results in reduced alveolar pressure than the atmospheric pressure to facilitate the flow of air into the lungs in response to the pressure gradient.
During deep inhalation as it occurs when running up the stairs, the accessory muscles of inhalation also participate to increase the volume of the chest cavity. The contraction of scalene and sternocleidomastoid muscles increase the volume of the chest cavity further to create a greater drop in alveolar pressure.
During forceful inhalation, the sternocleidomastoid muscles serve to elevate the sternum, the scalene muscles serve to elevate the first two ribs while the pectoralis minor elevate the third through fifth ribs.
