Answer:
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Explanation:
The outgroup is the most distant taxonomic group that shares no traits or characters with the lineages of interest, which compose the ingroup. You can compare the outgroup with the ingroup to determine the evolutive relationship and which characters are primitive or derived.
Even though the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup, this is placed far away in evolution, making the outgroup to be the taxonomic group less related to the other lineages. The lineages in the ingroup share another common ancestor that is more recent in history.
To select the outgroup, you need to focus on what you are interested in. There might be several outgroups, but you should choose the one that is more related or closer to the ingroups. This selection is important because you need to make comparisons to understand the evolution of specific traits.
In the exposed example, we need to focus on animals that have four limbs. Then, we might assume that the ingroup is composed of Amphibians Crocodiles Dinosaurs. Sharks and Ray-Finned Fish do not have four limbs, so they might be considered outgroups.
From these two outgroups, sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Ray-Finned Fishes have a bony skeleton. This fact makes ray-finned fishes more related to the ingroup than the sharks. So,
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
The correct option is B.
Carrot can be described as a ground tissues because it is formed inside the ground in form of tap root. The remaining options are incorrect for the following reasons:
1. Animals can not make their own food because they do not have chloroplast not because they do not have vacuoles.
2. The main function of dermal tissue is protection from water loss not photosynthesis.
3. The cerebellum controls balance and coordination not cerebrum.
Answer:
In plants photosynthesis occurs in two steps light-dependent stage and light-independent stage.
ATP is energy carrier and NADPH is electron carrier and both are produced during the first step from the sunlight as they carry the energy and electron to the next step which is light-independent step. In this step both ATP and NADPH are used in the formation of sugars from carbohydrates.
Therefore, these molecules connect the light-dependent and light- independent reactions of photosynthesis.
