Answer:
Results
We systematically analyze and compare how different modelling methodologies can be used to describe translation. We define various statistically equivalent codon-based simulation algorithms and analyze the importance of the update rule in determining the steady state, an aspect often neglected. Then a novel probabilistic Boolean network (PBN) model is proposed for modelling translation, which enjoys an exact numerical solution. This solution matches those of numerical simulation from other methods and acts as a complementary tool to analytical approximations and simulations. The advantages and limitations of various codon-based models are compared, and illustrated by examples with real biological complexities such as slow codons, premature termination and feedback regulation. Our studies reveal that while different models gives broadly similiar trends in many cases, important differences also arise and can be clearly seen, in the dependence of the translation rate on different parameters. Furthermore, the update rule affects the steady state solution.
Conclusions
The codon-based models are based on different levels of abstraction. Our analysis suggests that a multiple model approach to understanding translation allows one to ascertain which aspects of the conclusions are robust with respect to the choice of modelling methodology, and when (and why) important differences may arise. This approach also allows for an optimal use of analysis tools, which is especially important when additional complexities or regulatory mechanisms are included. This approach can provide a robust platform for dissecting translation, and results in an improved predictive framework for applications in systems and synthetic biology.
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The overuse of antibiotics. is a contributing reason behind emerging disease?
Answer:
All of the above.
Explanation:
Allosteric protein may be defined as the protein that has multiple ligand sites and binds to the site other than the active site. Allosteric protein is involved in the regulation of metabolic pathways of the body.
Allosteric protein does not follow the Michaelis-Menton kinetics. These proteins are multisubunit protein and has the different binding sites for the effector as well as substrate molecule. These proteins are present at the committing steps of the metabolic pathways.
Thus, the correct answer is option (e).
The density of ice is less than water - that's why it floats on water. I think this property is unique in liquids.
If ice was equal or heavier density than water then the oceans would be solid except for near the surface, which would be very bad for aquatic life!!
