D is the answer because the rest ate observations
Today, any environment surrounded by other ecosystems that are unlike it is subject to Wilson’s theory of island biogeography. Because they are geographically isolated from other related ecosystems, these ecologies are referred to as "islands." Waterbodies divide tropical islands, but this idea also takes into account mountaintops, caverns, and other isolated ecosystems.
<h3>
What is Wilson’s theory of island biogeography?</h3>
- The biologist Edward O. Wilson and environmentalist Robert MacArthur published The Theory of Island Biogeography in 1967. It is widely considered as a foundational work in the ecology and biogeography of islands. The book was reissued by the Princeton University Press in 2001 as a volume in their "Princeton Landmarks in Biology" series.
- The hypothesis that insular biota maintain a dynamic equilibrium between extinction and immigration rates was made more well-known by the book. An island's pace of new species immigration will decline as the number of species increases, while the rate of extinction of native species will rise.
- Thus, MacArthur and Wilson anticipate that there will come a point of equilibrium where the rate of immigration and the rate of extinction are equal.
To learn more about The Theory of Island Biogeography with the given link
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Mutualism interaction do both species benefit?
Answer:
<em>Auxin</em>
<em>gibberellins or gibberellic acids</em>
<em>cytokinins</em>
<em>ethylene</em>
Answer:
coevolution
Explanation:
Coevolution refers to the process where two or more species modify each other's evolution via natural selection. Darwin mentioned how insects and flowering plants could coevolve by reciprocal evolutionary modifications. Coevolution has firstly been associated with mutualism between species including, for example, birds and flowering plants. However, coevolution may also involve host-parasite relationships, such as associations involving parasitic organisms and their sexually reproducing hosts. Finally, there are situations where coevolution involves both parasitism and mutualism (i.e., antagonistic coevolution).
