Matthew is employing the research method called participant
observation. This is a type of data collection method where the individual is
likely to collect information about cultures, people or process in a
qualitative research and that the individual is likely to be referred to as the
player in the action.
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It depends on when they either step down or more likely, die.
The year gap of the population of 4 billion people was from 1974 - 1986. Exactly 12 years of 4 billion people.
Washington DC was made the nation's capital after a backroom compromise deal was made for Madison, a Virginia, to get Alexander Hamilton, of New York, the votes he needed to pass a bill wherein the Federal government would subsume the various war debt of the colonies in return for the capital being moved out of the north.
If you've ever been to Sanibel Island, you'd see this in action. Sanibel is known for its seashells, and the beach is covered in brightly colored, large shells. People are walking along the beach collecting them. Everyone gets into a seashell collecting state of mind. As a result, there are tons of shops selling seashells, too, and people are buying them. The ones you can get on the beach are nice but the shops have the nicest ones, like giant conch shells, etc.
So even near the beaches with some of the most plentiful and nice shells, there are shell shops -- in fact, the higher quality of the shells on Sanibel's beaches seems to have directly led to many more shell shops than you'd find at other beaches with fewer shells.