1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
stiv31 [10]
3 years ago
15

The Lotka-Volterra model produces consistently identical cycles because it is deterministic. The lynx and hare simulation on the

right does not, because it is stochastic. Run the simulation again now with the controls below, paying attention to the animals in the enclosure at the top. Given the differences between these two types of models, why would it be difficult to determine accurate values for the four parameters in the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model (a, rprey, m, b) for animals in the real world?
A. In the real world, individual predators do not differ in their ability to search for prey.
B. In the real world, random and unpredictable events occur, so the Lotka-Volterra parameters vary over time
C. In the real world, prey population sizes constantly change, and the Lotka-Volterra model fails to account for this.
D. In the real world, biological interactions are so complex and dynamic that models have no relevance.
Biology
1 answer:
Setler [38]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

B. In the real world, random and unpredictable events occur, so the Lotka-Volterra parameters vary over time

Explanation:

Lotka-Volterra equations are mathematical models that explain biological prey-predator interactions among two species, considering the following assumptions,      

  • The ecosystem is isolated and closed. There is no migration.
  • The whole individuals are reproductively equivalent.
  • In the absence of the predator, prey shows an exponential growth rate. The prey is in the ideal environment.
  • In the absence of the prey, the predator population decreases exponentially.  The predator environment is also ideal, but it is limited by the prey density.  
  • The predation rate is proportional to the encounters rate, which also depends on density.
  • The predators affect the prey populations, making it decrease proportionally to the number of prey and predators present.
  • The prey population also influence the predator population, proportionally to the number of encounters between the two species.

In these equations, the variable D is the number of predators, and P the number of preys.

The parameters are always constant:  

  • r1: prey growth rate.
  • a1: predator hunting success.
  • r2: predator growth rate.
  • a2: the success of the predator in hunting and feeding.

In nature, there are many factors affecting interactions. Dense-dependent factors and dense-independent factors. Also in reality there are stochastic factors. <em>Stochasticity refers to the variability in the system involving those factors that are affecting or influencing the population growth. Stochasticity might be related to good years and bad years for population growth.</em>

In a real situation, the compliance of the whole assumptions does not occur. The previously mentioned constants might vary, changing continuously the interaction among the predator and the prey. These parameters change in different degrees, resulting in different circumstances for both species.  

You might be interested in
Darwin studied actual birds on the Galapagos Islands instead of using a simulation, as you did in this lab. Studying natural sel
Elza [17]
Darwin lived in a time where natural selection was a strange theory among scientists and researchers. This was especially true when other researcher Lamarck argued that organisms passed on helpful traits to their offspring, that they magically could form a new trait to adapt to their environment and then pass it onto their offspring. For example, if a giraffe was too short to reach food, it would grow a larger neck in its lifetime and then pass that trait onto its offspring. Darwin argued that, through the process of survival of the fittest, that short giraffe would die off and never receive the chance to pass on its shortness to future populations. Thus, taller giraffes would survive— they can reach food, shorter giraffes can’t— and the short genes would disappear. The fact that Darwin was introducing a new theory that nobody was used to at the time was peculiar, so he had few people on his side until long after his observations.
Another problem Darwin had was the lack of technology. To travel, Darwin would have to use boats to reach far away places, and of course, this took time.
The final problem Darwin had was the extra time it took for evolution, a process that can take up to millions of years. Evolution didn’t occur over night— it took time for Darwin to conduct experiments, observe, conduct them again, come to a conclusion, and so on.
Hope this helped a little!
6 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
How can molecular evidence show species relatedness
ohaa [14]
Molecular evidence would include DNA
by comparing Gene sequence, you can tell which species have the most genes in common
6 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Help me quick please, its a test!!
Licemer1 [7]

Answer:

cellular resperation; ATP;energy;digestive system;circulartory ;energy; glucose; water; carbon dioxyide ; mitocondria

Explanation:

 

7 0
2 years ago
What's the students scientific question?
Vesna [10]
The answer is why ........
3 0
2 years ago
(image is in picture)
NikAS [45]

Answer:

My guess would be C

Explanation:

The crust, which is Earths outer solid layer of rock, is around 20km thick if I remembered correctly, and the ocean is nowhere near that, so there would be rock under the ocean.

If you find a better answer, then use it, because I'm not completely sure, but that's my best guess based on the possible answers

6 0
2 years ago
Read 2 more answers
Other questions:
  • PLEASE HURRY!!!!!!
    5·2 answers
  • The amount of a crop that a farmer can harvest per acre is referred to as crop yield. Farmers have been able to increase their c
    8·1 answer
  • An example of the negative impact humans could have on an ocean ecosystem would be
    12·1 answer
  • Anyone know this? trying to hang with my friend today...
    7·1 answer
  • Explain how solid garbage in landfills can result in air pollution.
    13·2 answers
  • Why do cultural universals exist?
    11·2 answers
  • Punnett squares?? <br><br>I really don't understand this please help!!
    10·2 answers
  • Which statement best describes the position of the Sun at sunrise and sunset as seen by an observer in New York State on Decembe
    14·1 answer
  • Maria owns a bakery and bakes many different types of yeast breads. One day she notices that the bread she baked is flat and doe
    9·1 answer
  • If there is no family history of a particular disease but a child has the disease as well as the responsible genetic mutation in
    15·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!