Answer:
A mutation could be passed on to an offspring by inheritance.
Explanation:
These 4 scenarios that can occur are autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, x-linked dominant and x-linked recessive. Autosomal dominant is when both parents have the disorder and pass it on to one of their children but not the other. This means that both parents are heterozygous. Heterozygous is a when a gene has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. Autosomal recessive is when both parents don’t have the disorder but one of their offspring do. This also means that both parents are heterozygous. Next is X-Linked dominant. This can occur when one of your grandparents has the disorder and passes it on to your dad and as a result all of his daughters are affected. Lastly, X-Linked Recessive is similar but it’s the mother that gets the disorder and passes it on to her sons. This process can really help determine whether or not your child has a disorder and is completely healthy.
Answer:
A. physical characteristics of a trait
Humans' and rats' incisors are larger than their other teeth, though humans' incisors are only marginally larger. They perhaps share this characteristic to help them adapt to an omnivorous diet.
Answer:
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
Explanation:
The outgroup is the most distant taxonomic group that shares no traits or characters with the lineages of interest, which compose the ingroup. You can compare the outgroup with the ingroup to determine the evolutive relationship and which characters are primitive or derived.
Even though the outgroup shares a common ancestor with the ingroup, this is placed far away in evolution, making the outgroup to be the taxonomic group less related to the other lineages. The lineages in the ingroup share another common ancestor that is more recent in history.
To select the outgroup, you need to focus on what you are interested in. There might be several outgroups, but you should choose the one that is more related or closer to the ingroups. This selection is important because you need to make comparisons to understand the evolution of specific traits.
In the exposed example, we need to focus on animals that have four limbs. Then, we might assume that the ingroup is composed of Amphibians Crocodiles Dinosaurs. Sharks and Ray-Finned Fish do not have four limbs, so they might be considered outgroups.
From these two outgroups, sharks have a cartilaginous skeleton, while Ray-Finned Fishes have a bony skeleton. This fact makes ray-finned fishes more related to the ingroup than the sharks. So,
- First outgroup → Ray-Finned Fishes
- Second outgroup → Sharks
