Answer:
innate immunity : highly specialized defenses.
Explanation:
Immunity against infectious diseases are 2 types - innate immunity and acquired immunity. Innate immunity is the type of defense mechanism which is present at birth. This type of immunity does not depend upon the immunization. This type of immunity is not highly specific as acquired immunity. Innate immunity has no memory and response in first-rate towards the antigens. The phagocytic cells, dendritic cells are some cells of the innate immune system. This changes throughout the lifetime. Different species have different innate immunity. It means different species show different susceptibility to different diseases. e.g Rats are unsusceptible to Diphtheria while men, guinea pigs are highly susceptible to Diptheria.
Answer:
Energy does not cycle the way nutrients and atoms do. Energy enters the ecosystem from the Sun and exits after the organisms have taken as much as they need. Organisms release energy back into the biosphere as heat.
You didn't provide the reaction, but enzymes usually just help the reaction take place, often faster then it would in regular conditions. They are completely used up during the reaction and don't affect it in any other way, meaning they don't change the properties of the compounds.
Gene flow does not promote speciation, whereas season of fertility, natural selection, and genetic drift do.
Autoregulatory neural and endocrine mechanisms activate after blood loss to compensate for the loss and restore homeostasis.
Neural mechanisms involve blood pressure and blood chemistry. Cardiac centers and vasomotor centers may increase the blood flow and cardiac output (sympathetic) or decrease the blood flow and cardiac output (parasympathetic). Peripheral vessels are also constricted and nor epinephrine decreases flow in the arteries and decreases the flow in the veins.
Endocrine control acts in the renal and adrenal organs, the brain and heart. RBCs, renin/angiotensiogen/aldosterone, catecholamines, antidiretic hormone, atrial natriuretic hormone regulate blood volume and blood pressure by keeping the fluids in the cardiovascular system. It also initiates vasoconstrictors or vasodilators.
