Treatment
Downer cows are often hypocalcemic. If an apparently hypocalcemic cow does not respond to calcium therapy, phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium should be given as additional treatments pending the results of laboratory tests. Monitoring the blood mineral status is an important part of downer cow management.
In most cases, recovery depends on the quality of recumbency management and nursing care. Lateral recumbency must be corrected immediately to avoid regurgitation and inspiration of stomach contents. The animal should be rolled into sternal recumbency. However, if this posture is to be maintained, the limb on which the animal has been lying should be drawn from under the body. In other words, if the animal was presented in lateral recumbency on its left side, it should be rolled into sternal recumbency on its right side. Support (eg, straw bale) placed under the shoulder may be required for some animals to maintain sternal recumbency.
Attempting to stabilize a recumbent cow on a concrete surface is highly undesirable but sometimes unavoidable. Bedding the area around and under the cow with wet, sticky manure to a depth ?6 in. is a common practice. At least 10 in. of dry straw should be distributed over the wet mass. If the cow struggles and scrapes the wet manure, exposing concrete, more manure must be added. The so-called manure pack provides good footing but also may soil the skin with urine and manure. Dermatitis can result, and comfort of the cow is reduced. More seriously, the risk of mastitis resulting from the contaminated environment is very high. A bed of sand ?10 in. deep is more effective. This usually drains well, and good hygiene can be maintained if the manure is removed several times each day.
Answer:3: decreased filling of the right side of the heart
Explanation:
Pneumothorax occurs when the parietal or visceral pleura is breached or punctured, this leads to exposure of the pleural space to positive atmospheric pressure.
Normally, the pressure in the pleural space is negative compared to atmospheric pressure. This is required to maintain the inflation of lung. A breach to the pleura causes air to enter the pleural space thereby leading to lung collapse.
With an increased breath, there is an increase positive pressure in the pleural space, the air that entered the chest cavity is trapped and cannot be expelled. This leads to lung collapse and the heart, great vessels, and the trachea moves to the unaffected side(mediastinal shift).
The increased positive pressure decreases venous return to the heart (filling of the right side of the heart), causing decreased cardiac output and impairment of circulation round the body.
The answer is D. Hope this helps!
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