Answer:
i think 1 is either b or d
Explanation:
It acts like a product. Think before actually putting this down but i think this is it.
Answer:
In E. coli promoter there are two consensus sequence which is located upstream to from the start site of the transcription. One consensus sequence is present at -10 and one at -35.
These consensus sequences are necessary to be recognized to start the transcription. It is recognized by the sigma factor which is a part of RNA polymerase. After recognition transcription starts.
The termination of transcription occurs by a rho protein. Rho is ATP dependent RNA stimulated helicase which disrupts the complex of RNA-DNA and terminates transcription.
Answer: These may be:
- physical defenses (1st line)
- chemical defenses (2nd line)
Explanation:
Plants employ several methods in order to defend themselves from pathogens. These may be physical defenses or chemical ones. Several have adaptations to their surfaces that prevent the entry of pathogens, called physical barriers such as
- thick waxy cuticles
- thorns, which are modified plant branches
- spines, which are modified plant leaves
- gall production at infected sites to prevent pathogenic spread
Chemical defenses include the production or secretion of:
- defensins
- antimicrobials such as tannins or resins
- gum at areas facing pathogenic attacks
