Answer:
The term “reptile” is derived (Made) from a Latin word meaning “creeping animals.” These animals include snakes, lizards, crocodiles, alligators, turtles, geckos, and chameleons, with lizards and snakes species making up the majority of all reptiles. Reptiles are cold-blooded animals which means they are unable to regulate their own body temperature. Reptiles are Oviparous (Egg laying). Reptiles also have chains of bony elements from the tail to the head. The bony endoskeleton consists of cranium or skull, appendages, and limb girdles. The endoskeleton protects the inner tissue and also aids in body movement. Skeletons differ from one species to another, with crocodiles having some of the largest body structures in this class.
Explanation: It was actually quite fun writing this
People with poorly controlled diabetes are at risk of amputation due to damage of nerves in the extremities of the body. This damage to nerves is caused by chronically high blood sugar. The condition, when it is caused by uncontrolled blood sugar is called diabetic neuropathy.<span>Diabetic neuropathy mostly affects the feet and they lose feeling, such that an affected person cannot sense pain. When they develop an ulcer or small injury to the feet, it may often go unnoticed and with time become infected. High blood sugar impairs the normal healing process and the injury or ulcer may not heal quickly thus compounding the problem. The outcome of this is that the infected part e.g. a toe, may fester and even become gangrenous putting the whole bod at risk and thus the only away to save the rest of the body is removal by amputation.</span>
Answer:
b. actively transport Cl- from the ECF to the external environment.
Explanation:
Chloride cells are cells that are found in the gills of teleost fishes which pump large amount of sodium and chloride ions out from the extracellular fluid (ECF) into the sea or environment against a concentration gradient in marine fish.
The opposite of this process occurs in freshwater fishes where the gills of freshwater teleost fish, cause an influx of sodium and chloride ions into the fish from the environment, also against a concentration gradient.
Mechanism of action
Salt water teleost fishes take in large amounts of seawater to decrease osmotic dehydration. The excess of ions derived from seawater is thrown out of the teleost fishes through the chloride cells. These cells employs active transport on the basolateral (internal) surface to diffuse in chloride, which then is pumped out of the apical (external) surface, straight into the surrounding environment. Such mitochondria-rich cells are located in the region of the gill lamellae and filaments of teleost fish.
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