Question:
A potato chip manufacturer purchases a potato farm. Which of the following regarding its strategy is true?
A. The manufacturer has effectively used vertical integration to increase its bargaining position and reduce transaction costs.
B. The manufacturer has enhanced utilisation by allowing depreciation and other fixed costs to be spread over a larger unit volume.
C. The manufacturer has sacrificed quality by using a lower-cost input.
D. The manufacturer has efficiently capitalised on the experience and learning-curve effects within the company.
E. The manufacturer has effectively reduced its operating costs by outsourcing its activities.
Answer:
A. the Manufacturer has effectively used vertical integration to increase it's bargaining position and reduce transaction costs.
Explanation:
Vertical integration is a business strategy whereby a business acquires ownership or controls its suppliers, distributors, or retail locations to control its value or supply chain.
It may also be said that vertical integration has to do with the purchase of a part of all of the production or sales process that was previously outsourced, to have it done in-house.
An example of companies who have done this are:
1. Apple
2. Netflix
3. Comcast (Which acquired NBC)
Businesses can integrate by
- purchasing their suppliers to reduce the costs of manufacturing or
- controlling the distribution process that is, owning and controlling the warehousing and delivery of their products etc.
International business research is only beginning to develop theory and evidence highlighting the importance of supranational regional institutions to explain firm internationalization. In this context, we offer new theory and evidence regarding the effect of a region's "institutional complexity" on foreign direct investment decisions by multinational enterprises (MNEs). We define a region's institutional complexity using two components, regional institutional diversity and number of countries. We explore the unique relationships of both components with MNEs' decisions to internationalize into countries within the region. Drawing on semiglobalization and regionalization research and institutional theory, we posit an inverted U-shaped relationship between a region's institutional diversity and MNE internationalization: extremely low or high regional institutional diversity has negative effects on internationalization, but moderate diversity has a positive effect on internationalization. Larger numbers of countries within the region reduces MNE internationalization in a linear fashion. We find support for these predicted relationships in multilevel analyses of 698 Japanese MNEs operating in 49 countries within 9 regions. Regional institutional complexity is both a challenge and an opportunity for MNEs seeking advantages through the aggregation and arbitrage of individual country factors.
Answer:
Indirect and fixed
Explanation:
Indirect costs are those cost which cannot be directly attributable to any product.
Fixed costs are those which remains the same in the period whatever the level of activity (production, sales etc.) is. It does not vary with the change in the activity level.
Supervisor salaries cannot be traceable directly to any specific product, so it is considered as the indirect cost. As the Salaries are fixed payments made on monthly or annually basis, So it is also classified as the fixed cost.
From the given original cost and the total accumulated depreciation of the old equipment, it can be seen that the value of the equipment should still be $180,000.
salvage value = $600,000 - $420,000 = $180,000
Given that it can be sold for only $18,000, the sunken cost is $162,000.
sunken cost = $180,000 - $18,000 = $162,000
The three main types/models of paradigm are:
1- waterfall paradigm
2- Incremental paradigm
3- spiral model
In the incremental paradigm, special emphasis should be placed on the selection of the items to be included in the last increment.
The incremental paradigm is based on the idea of developing separate pieces of software, then integrating these pieces together.
