Describes the B. cell membrane
Macrophages engulf foreign material and destroy them using lysozymes.
When presented with antigen by antigen presenting cells, Helper –T cells produce
cytokines that activate B cells and triggers the adaptive immune response. T-helper cells determine the specificity of the adaptive response to an antigen. Cytotoxic-T-cells
destroys infected cells that have displayed an antigen on the MHC I surface receptors.
Suppressor T cells enable negative feedback by downregulating
immunity in cases when a foreign antigen
is eliminated. It also prevents autoimmunity.
Plasma cells are repsosncible for the production of antibodies in the humoral
immune response. Memory B and T cells ensure the immunity can remember an
infectious agent and therefore can launch a faster response in case of re-infection.
Removing the parathyroid gland will cause an imbalance within hypothalamus.
Answer:
high wind speeds in the upper atmosphere above the Atlantic ocean
Nitrogen represents nearly 70% of air in the atmosphere <span />