A. Yes They were willing to work dangerous jobs for low wages.
4. Both allowed people to question the world around them
French military and political leader
There is a number of ways that Portugal and other European nations tried to challenge Spanish power:
1. illegal trade with Spanish colonies - given that Spain forbade any nation to trade with their colonies in the Americas, they had to do it illegally, without Spanish knowledge. Smugglers had a special role in this given that they did most of the work
2. pirates - these nations tried to do everything in their power to diminish the authority Spain had in the Americas. This is why they resorted to privateers - that is just a fancy name for pirates who preyed on Spanish ships in order to steal their treasure
Commodore Perry sailed to Japan's shores with a few American vessels. What he did was, he basically forced the Japanese government to sign trading treaties with the US (soon other European nations followed as well). This meant thta he basically opened the nation to foreign investment and influence.
