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Mecca leaders were worried about losing their political and economic power. The expansion of Islam, the new religion preached by Muhammad, contradicted traditional beliefs and practices of the Arab tribes. Its condemnation of idolatry and its monotheistic character was particularly troubling for them. The Quraysh tribe heads in Mecca controlled the Kaaba - a key religious place still important in Islam -, and their political and religious power rested upon managing access to polytheistic shrines. So, Muhammad´s doctrine of one God - Allah - questioned their legitimacy and sociopolitical position.
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A modern political action would be the revolution of workers. Many people believed this statement would be the rallying cry for individuals who supported the Communist way of life. Many felt that it signaled an end to global capitalism.
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to remove crops and heavy vegetation
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The Berlin Wall divided Berlin in two parts: East Berlin and West Berlin. The former was the capital of the communist German Democratic Republic, and the latter was a western, democratic enclave born from the occupation zones of the Western Allies after WWII.
Berlin was a symbol of the division of Europe and the confrontation between capitalism and Western democracy on one side, and communism, on the other side. Both parts of the city were sort of showrooms for their systems. American troops were stationed in the western part, and Soviet troops were stationed on the eastern part. The wall ran along the boundaries of the former Soviet zone with the western occupation zones. So, here NATO and Warsaw Pact forces stood side by side. For all these reasons, it´s said the Berlin Wall was a symbol of a Cold War world divided in two camps.
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In this period, which we call the Early Renaissance, Florence is not a city in the unified country of Italy, as it is now. Instead, Italy was divided into many city-states (Florence, Milan, Venice etc.), each with their own government (some were ruled by despots, and others were republics).
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