The malate/aspartate shuttle: if inhibited, could lead to the accumulation of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate within the ce
ll (assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle, LDH, and GNG are not found in this particular cell). if inhibited, would have little to no effect on the flux of GNG (gluconeogenesis). if inhibited, would result in the accumulation of cytosolic NAD (assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and GNG are not found in this particular cell). D) if inhibited, would result in the accumulation of cytosolic lactate (assume the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle and GNG are not found in this particular cell). A) and D). A), B), and D). A), B), C), and D).
Answer:Recall that the glycolytic pathway generates NADH in the cytosol in the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue. How is cytosolic NADH reoxidized under aerobic conditions? NADH cannot simply pass into mitochondria for oxidation by the respiratory chain, because the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to NADH and NAD+. The solution is that electrons from NADH, rather than NADH itself, are carried across the mitochondrial membrane. One of several means of introducing electrons from NADH into the electron transport chain is the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (Figure 18.37). The first step in this shuttle is the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate, a glycolytic intermediate, to form glycerol 3-phosphate.This reaction is catalyzed by a glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the cytosol. Glycerol 3-phosphate is reoxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate on the outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane by a membrane-bound isozyme of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. An electron pair from glycerol 3-phosphate is transferred to a FAD prosthetic group in this enzyme to form FADH2. This reaction also regenerates dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Most stomata are located on the bottom of leaves because direct sunlight does not hit the bottom surface. If stomata were on the upper epidermis (the top side of the leaf), the direct sunlight hitting the leaf would cause more water to be lost through the stomata because of evaporation. Hope this helps!
