The hypothesis is that increasing the
intensity of positive visual emotional
stimuli increases amygdala activation.
This result should complement knowledge
regarding negative as well as positive
emotions in other domains (using
olfactory, auditory, gustatory or semantic
stimuli).
Answer:
A. Children report more cognitive symptoms than adults, is true regarding panic disorders in children.
Explanation:
A. Children report more cognitive symptoms than adults.
Children with panic disorder are more anxious as compared to adults even when they are not having panic attacks. They report severe cognitive symptoms such as fear of an attack, reluctance to perform well in school, avoiding certain places due to fear of attack called agoraphobia, depression, substance abuse and suicidal behaviors. Hence, children may also need psychotherapy along with panic disorder medications so that they could control their anxiety. Early treatment of panic disorder with cognitive behavioral therapies may prevent complications such as agarophobia, and depression in children.
B. Children experience only cued panic attacks.
Both children and adolescents have unexpected panic attacks which might be triggered by anything which causes anxiety in them. They should have varying periods of fear and discomfort which might last minutes to hours.
C. Children may report a general fear of becoming sick rather than specific physical symptom
A child suffering from panic attacks may have heart-attack like symptoms with a racing heart, fear of death and losing control, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and physical symptoms including nausea, vomiting, dizziness, shortness of breath etc. Moreover, children are also left with an intense fear of another panic attack which might trigger these symptoms. Thus, they become less functional and has a fear of changing places, habits as anything might trigger their symptoms. So, children are more anxious about the physical symptoms ensuing the panic attack and tries their best to avoid it.
Answer: The next most appropriate step would be a LUMBAR PUNCTURE.
Explanation:
A LUMBAR PUNCTURE is a medical procedure that is usually carried out by a trained health personnel. It is a procedure that is carried out in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to access and obtain the cerebrospinal fluid which is used for further diagnosis of an underlying disease or illness.
A LUMBAR PUNCTURE is often adviced when the symptoms of a disease is related to the central nervous system. From the symptoms observed from the 19-year-old woman at the emergency department which includes:
--> generalized headache which is increasing in intensity,
--> blurred vision,
--> intermittent diplopia,
--> vague dizziness.
--> bilateral papilledema and
--> normal MRI of the brain.
Since the MRI of the brain is normal, the most appropriate step to be taken by the health care provider is a lumbar puncture which enables a direct access to the cerebrospinal fluid. This would help to rule out an elevated intracranial pressure which may be the cause of the generalized headache which is increasing in intensity.
