Hi , Ghana , Mali and songhai became economically powerful kingdoms because they controlled vast reserves of gold and import trade routes.
Answer:
Gross National Income.
Explanation:
GNI ( Gross National Income) is concerned to the method to calculate Gross National Product. The GNI is also called Gross Domestic Income.
The elements that it includes are: the income earned by a country's residents and business including any income earned abroad.
Portugal, i guess did the 1st mass influx of slaves Populate