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Question 1

Answer 1

1) Mitochondrial cristae increases the surface area for more ATPase enzymes to increase energy production.  

2) Mitochondria are more similar to prokaryotic cells.

3) Eukaryotic cells are more complex.

Mitochondria are the cellular organelles in eukaryotic cells that generate energy needed to carry out the cell's biochemical reactions through a process called cellular respiration. The main substrate used to carry out cellular respiration is glucose, a carbohydrate. The energy generated is stored in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).  

The mitochondrion has an outer membrane that is permeable to ions, metabolites and polypeptides. It also has its own genetic material, which differs from the genetic material of the nucleus and is independent of it. The enzyme ATP synthase is a transmembrane enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP, a phosphate group and energy supplied by a flow of protons (H+). The proton flux occurs between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix. This occurs during cellular respiration, and this particular process is called oxidative phosphorylation.

1) The mitochondrial cristae are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. They contain several embedded proteins, including ATP synthase, used to produce energy. This arrangement generates a larger surface area available for chemical reactions to take place within the mitochondrion and therefore ensures good performance during cellular respiration. As electrons move along the electron transport chain in the inner membrane, energy is released which is used to pump hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space creating an electrochemical gradient. This gradient creates a potential energy called proton motive force in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The result is that chemiosmosis occurs, generating ATP from ADP when ATP synthase takes up the potential energy of the concentration gradient formed by the H+ ions. So, if the inner membrane were simple, smooth and unfolded, there would not be so much space to locate the ATP synthase enzymes and generate so much energy. Consider that mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells, which are complex and have a high energy requirement. With a folded inner membrane, more room is ensured for more enzymes to produce all the energy needed.

2) Mitochondria are very similar to prokaryotes because:

• Contain closed circular double-stranded DNA
• They have 70S ribosomes (eukaryotic cells have 80S ribosomes)
• They are similar in size
• They divide by binary fission.

It is believed that the ancestor of mitochondria was a bacterium (prokaryote) that was ingested by another single-celled organism. The bacterium provided an advantage to its host because these primitive mitochondria supplied it with hydrogen to produce energy. It is also believed that when atmospheric oxygen increased at that time, the anaerobic cells used the bacteria to eliminate the gas, which was toxic to them.

3) Eukaryotic cells have a much more complex organizational model than prokaryotic cells. Their size is much larger and the cytoplasm has a set of cellular structures that fulfill various functions (organelles). The main distinction between these two types of organisms is that eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not. Another important difference is the structure of the DNA. Eukaryotic DNA consists of multiple, linear, double-stranded DNA molecules with proteins called histones, whereas that of prokaryotes is double-stranded and circular.

So, mitochondria are the organelles in eukaryotic cells that generate energy needed through a process called cellular respiration. The mitochondrial cristae are the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. They contain several embedded proteins, including ATP synthase, used to produce energy. This arrangement generates a larger surface area available for chemical reactions to take place within the mitochondrion and therefore ensures good performance during cellular respiration.  if the inner membrane were simple, smooth and unfolded, there would not be so much space to locate the ATP synthase enzymes and generate so much energy.

Mitochondria are very similar to prokaryotes because they are similar in size, contain similar type of DNA and ribosomes and divide by binary fission. On the other hand, eukaryotic cells have a much more complex organizational model than prokaryotic cells because rheir size is much larger and in the cytoplasm has different types of organelles including membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus and a mitochondrion.

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