Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.
During the process of transcription, the information stored in a gene's DNA is transferred to a similar molecule called RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the cell nucleus. Both RNA and DNA are made up of a chain of nucleotide bases, but they have slightly different chemical properties. The type of RNA that contains the information for making a protein is called messenger RNA (mRNA) because it carries the information, or message, from the DNA out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm.
Translation, the second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm. The mRNA interacts with a specialized complex called a ribosome, which "reads" the sequence of mRNA bases. Each sequence of three bases, called a codon, usually codes for one particular amino acid. (Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.) A type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA) assembles the protein, one amino acid at a time. Protein assembly continues until the ribosome encounters a “stop” codon (a sequence of three bases that does not code for an amino acid).
The flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins is one of the fundamental principles of molecular biology. It is so important that it is sometimes called the “central dogma.”
Answer:
Olivine is the first mineral to form in cooling magma
In biology, the study of biosystematics helps scientists understand the evolution of organisms. Without it, they wouldn’t have been able to logically theorize where life came from. In modern biology, biosystematics is used to group, classify, and label organisms based on their genetic makeup and environmental habits.
Answer:
keratinocytes
Explanation:
The skin contains various types of cells like melanocytes, keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. The Keratinocytes constitute about 90% of the human skin and are mostly present in the basal skin.
The keratinocytes produce keratin protein which protects the skin and some keratinocytes contain keratohyalin granules which are filled with cysteine-rich and histidine-rich proteins. The keratin and these granules make the skin waterproof.
Thus, keratinocytes are the correct answer.
C- putting organisms into categories based on similar characteristics.
