The correct answer is: Protons are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space
Chemiosmosis can be described as movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. It occurs during the cellular respiration within mitochondria and it is involved in ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation via ATP synthase).
Electrons from electron carriers (NADH and FADH) donate electrons to the electron transport chain and that causes changes in protein complexes of electron transport chain. As a consequence, protein complexes pump H+ across a selectively permeable cell membrane from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of mitochondria.
H+ can only get back and pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane with the help of ATP synthase (down their electrochemical gradient). ATP synthase turned by the force of the H+ diffusing through it forms ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP.
Answer:
Chill the alcohol in the freezer.
Remove the green stems from the strawberries and add to the bag. Squish the strawberries into a pulp.
Add 1 tablespoon of dish soap, a teaspoon of salt, and 1/3 of a cup of water to the bag. Mix.
Explanation:
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Answer and Explanation: The figure below shows the doses of BPA administered to the female mice over time.
An experiment is used to determine cause and effect among variables. When the research is for the impact of a treatment, researchers randomly separate individuals in two groups:
- <em><u>Control</u></em> <em><u>Group</u></em> doesn't receive any treament or a placebo or a treatment whose outcome is already known;
- <em><u>Treatment</u></em> <em><u>Group</u></em> receives the treatment;
For the female mice on the image below, in the First Group is not injected any dosage of BPA, so they are the control group, while the <u>others</u> are <u>treatment group</u>.
The variables in a experiment are classified as independents or dependents:
- <em><u>Independent</u></em> <em><u>Variable</u></em> is the cause;
- <em><u>Dependent</u></em> <em><u>Variable</u></em> is the effect;
For the BPA research, since it is the effect of BPA over time on the mice's cells it is being investigated, <u>dosage</u> of BPA is the <u>independent</u> variable and <em>time</em> is the <em>dependent</em> variable.
The molecular clock is a figurative term for a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged. The biomolecular data used for such calculations are usually nucleotide sequences for DNA or amino acid sequences for proteins.
Explanation: