Answer:
30. 4-Prophase, 1-Metaphase, 3-Anaphase,2-Telophase
Explanation:
Answer:
DNP produces the loss of the proton gradient (i.e., the energy of the proton gradient is dissipated in the form of heat instead to produce ATP)
Explanation:
2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) acts to shuttle H+ ions across cellular membranes, bypassing the ATP synthase used by mitochondria to generate ATP during cellular respiration. Since DNP is able to bypass ATP synthase, this compound uncouples the phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase from the process of oxidation (i.e., transport of electrons). For example, in muscle cells, DNP may be used to shuttle calcium ions (Ca +) from mitochondrial stores, and free intracellular Ca+ ions are evidenced to produce muscle contraction.
<u>Answer:</u>
<em>Cluster of neurons cell bodies in the thalamus is called nucleus.
</em>
<u>Explanation:</u>
Nuclei are present all various points in the central nervous system and are connected to each other through various tracts. Thalamus is a part of the brain and contains different type of nuclei.
<em>They are relay nuclei, association thalami nuclei and non-specific nuclei.
</em>
Association thalami nuclei receives the highest input from the cerebral cortex. Non-specific nuclei plays a significant role in regulating sleep and wake cycles.
Answer:
Having considered how an appropriate primary immune response is mounted to pathogens in both the peripheral lymphoid system and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, we now turn to immunological memory, which is a feature of both compartments. Perhaps the most important consequence of an adaptive immune response is the establishment of a state of immunological memory. Immunological memory is the ability of the immune system to respond more rapidly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously, and reflects the preexistence of a clonally expanded population of antigen-specific lymphocytes. Memory responses, which are called secondary, tertiary, and so on, depending on the number of exposures to antigen, also differ qualitatively from primary responses. This is particularly clear in the case of the antibody response, where the characteristics of antibodies produced in secondary and subsequent responses are distinct from those produced in the primary response to the same antigen. Memory T-cell responses have been harder to study, but can also be distinguished from the responses of naive or effector T cells. The principal focus of this section will be the altered character of memory responses, although we will also discuss emerging explanations of how immunological memory persists after exposure to antigen. A long-standing debate about whether specific memory is maintained by distinct populations of long-lived memory cells that can persist without residual antigen, or by lymphocytes that are under perpetual stimulation by residual antigen, appears to have been settled in favor of the former hypothesis.
Answer:
The answer is B.
Explanation:
Paracentric and Pericentric Inversions both are terms used to describe the action of inversing a part of the chromosome. But the main difference between the paracentric and pericentric inversions is that pericentric inversion, unlike the paracentric inversion, does include the centromere in the inversion process. So the answer is B, which is zero for paracentric inversion.
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