The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
Learn more about cytokines here:
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Answer:
Option (1).
Explanation:
Enzymes is the biocatalyst that has the ability to increase the rate of a biochemical reaction of the living organism. Enzymes decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
The bacterial cell has the ability to thrive into the human body and may acts as pathogen. The enzymatic activity of the bacterial cell can be increased by increasing the temperature but the temperature should be in the optimum range of the enzyme.
Thus, the correct answer is option (1).
Answer:
tendons and knees
Explanation:
the tendons are in the fingers, and they move to allow various actions such as holding things. the knees, allow us to walk, and join the forelegs and legs. their movement is different and they allow various actions, however, both are important.
I believe the answer you are looking for is they are all body systems found in the human body, or organ systems.
A.
The aim of a tax on a valuable resource, in this case residential water use, is to reduce wasteful practices. In this case the county is considering a special tax when residential water use is ABOVE a certain amount. This is an effective mechanism to reduce wastage by causing high users to incur more cost. Everyone will still pay for their water consumption in the normal way (typically by a $/unit cost), however the tax will take effect when the residential water consumption reaches a certain point. This penalises high users of water by forcing them to pay more for a valuable resource. Note that essential services like energy and water are often subsidised in society. This means that we do not pay the true cost associated with the use of the resource. Setting a tax that applies to those that consume over a certain threshold helps to reduce wastage of an undervalued essential resource such as water or energy.
